WebAug 1, 2024 · Undulating Interface Model Figure 5 shows the simple 2D model with an undulating interface of soil and rock. The antennas of the GPR were placed in the air layer, and the source function was a Ricker wavelet whose dominant frequency was 100 MHz. WebMar 31, 2024 · Undulating bimaterial interfaces can be formed through explosive welding [ 1, 7] or through stress-induced morphological instability [ 6 ]. Stress analyses of wavy surfaces and interfaces have been the subject of much discussion in the literature (see, for example, [ 3, 4, 5, 15, 16 ].

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WebJul 7, 2014 · Undulating Interfaces Undulating interfaces produce non-linear t-x diagrams There are techniques that can deal with this delay times & plus minus method We will see them later… Detecting Offsets Offsets are detected as discontinuities in the t-x diagram Offset because the interface is deeper and D’E’ receives no refracted rays. WebApr 13, 2024 · In this region (the magnified Fig. 2 E), the film/matrix (F/M) interface exhibits undulating features. The element distribution ( Fig. 2 F) shows that the contents of Ti and V in the passive films are significantly lower than those in the matrix, and the content of Al is almost unchanged. uline perching stool

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WebNov 14, 2024 · The first-order “raylet” method is simple in principle but is unable to trace all possible later arrivals. Under such circumstances, the extremal solution method is a good choice to trace the multi-valued reflected arrivals; it is comparable to the modified reduced phase space method in practical application. Introduction WebOur dataset contains 10% linear, 60% slightly undulating, and 30% highly undulating subsurface models, such that the network is trained primarily on more realistic subsurface model geometries (i.e., linear and slightly undulating layer interfaces) while still accounting for more extreme or complex layer interface geometries. uline phlebotomy carts